华盛顿邮报：在美国如何为冠状病毒蔓延做准备

　　原作者: Reis Thebault , Alex Horton and Lateshia Beachum

　　刊登在2020年2月28日的华盛顿邮报

　　While there is no vaccine for covid-19, preventive steps and awareness are the best tools to prepare and protect yourself in the event of an outbreak.

　　虽然没有针对covid-19的疫苗，但预防措施和意识是在疫情爆发时做好准备和保护自己的最佳工具。

　　There are the exam gloves, the surgical masks, the dubious supplements and the deceptive disinfectants. If unchecked Internet information is any guide,there’s an inexhaustible list of products you should buy to prepare for the spread of coronavirus in the United States — which, according to U.S. health officials, appears inevitable.

　　一次性乳胶手套、外科口罩、忽悠的保健品和误导的消毒剂， 如果听从未经核实的网络信息，那么您应该有一份长长的囤货清单，为冠状病毒在美国传播爆发做好准备。根据美国卫生官员的说法，疫情爆发看起来是不可避免的。

　　But here’s the thing: The virus may be novel, but you really don’t need to buy anything new orspecial to brace for it. The Washington Post spoke to epidemiology experts, and they said the most important aspect of preparedness costs nothing at all —calm.

　　但是，事实是：这种病毒尽管是是新的，但您实际上不需要为病毒的爆发购买任何新的或特殊的产品。《华盛顿邮报》采访了流行病学专家，他们说，最重要的准备工作一分钱不用花 --- 保持冷静。

　　More than 60 people were confirmed to have the virus in the United States, most of them evacuees from the Diamond Princess cruiseship. On Friday, Oregon officials said a person in WashingtonCounty with no recent history of travel or known contact with infected peopletested positive for the illness, marking the third case of unknown origin inthe United States and widening the scope of people who should be tested forcovid-19, as the disease the virus causes is called. The other two are in California.

　　在美国，有60多人确诊患有新冠肺炎，其中大多数人是从钻石公主号游轮撤离的。上周五，俄勒冈州官员说，华盛顿县有一个人经测试呈阳性，没有旅行史或与感染者有已知接触，这是美国第三例不明来源的病例，扩大了covid-19应检测人群的范围。另外两个在加利福尼亚。

　　While the number ofU.S. cases is still low, experts say now is a good time for individuals, businesses, health-care systems and schools to reexamine their pandemic preparedness plans to make sure they’re ready.

　　尽管美国的病例数仍然很少，但专家们说，现在是个人，企业，卫生保健系统和学校重新检查其大流行防范计划以确保已做好准备的好时机。

　　So here’s what doctors, researchers and the CDC say you can do now — and in the event of a future outbreak — to prepare and protect yourself.

　　以下是医生，研究人员和疾病预防控制中心的建议，使您现在为万一将来爆发的情况下做好准备并保护自己。

　　‘Don’t panic’

　　“不要惊慌”

　　Timothy Brewer is a professor of epidemiology and medicine at UCLA’s Fielding School of Public Health and its David Geffen School of Medicine, yet his central piece of adviceis not exactly medical.

　　蒂莫西·布鲁尔（Timothy Brewer）是加州大学洛杉矶分校菲尔丁公共卫生学院及其戴维·格芬医学院的流行病学和医学教授，但他的核心建议并不完全是医学方面的。

　　“Don’t panic,” he said.“There’s no value in panicking or telling people to be afraid. Don’t let fear and emotion drive the response to this virus. That can be extremely difficult because it is new, and we’re still learning about it, but don’t allow fear of what we don’t know about the virus to overwhelm what we do know.”

　　他说：“不要惊慌。恐慌或告诉人们害怕没有任何价值。不要让恐惧和情绪主导对这种病毒的反应。这可能非常困难，因为它是新的，我们仍在研究它，但不要让我们对未知病毒的恐惧淹没我们所知道的内容。”

　　Brewer said it’s important to remember that covid-19 is a respiratory disease, as is influenza,and while there’s not a vaccine for it, there are tried-and-true ways to deal with this type of illness — which we will cover here.

　　布鲁尔说，重要的是要记住，covid-19和流感一样都是呼吸道疾病，虽然没有疫苗，但有针对这种疾病的可靠方法，我们将在这里进行介绍。

　　Saskia V. Popescu is a senior infection-prevention epidemiologist for a Phoenix-based hospital system. “The most important thing right now is to remain calm,” she said. “Remember, we don’t have that many cases in the U.S., and prevention strategies for this coronavirus are not new. We’ve been doing them for years.”

　　Saskia V. Popescu是位于凤凰城的医院系统的高级感染预防流行病学家。她说：“目前最重要的是保持冷静。” “请记住，我们在美国没有那么多病例，这种冠状病毒的预防策略并不新鲜。我们已经做了很多年了。''

　　The basics

　　基础信息

　　A few minutes into a phone call with a reporter, Brewer paused, coughed and then explained himself. “I’m currently recovering from a non-covid respiratory virus,” he said.

　　在与记者打了电话几分钟后，布鲁尔停了下来，咳嗽了一下，然后自我解释。他说：``我目前正在从一种非混合型呼吸道病毒中恢复过来。''

　　But the precaution she took when fighting his influenza-like illness are no different from what people should be doing every day to stave off coronavirus and other respiratory diseases, Brewer said.

　　但是布鲁尔说，她在抵抗流感样疾病时采取的预防措施与人们每天为预防冠状病毒和其他呼吸系统疾病所采取的措施没有什么不同。

　　You have seen the guidance before: Wash your hands regularly. Cover your nose and mouth when you sneeze. And when you’re sick, stay home from work or school and drink lots of fluids.

　　您之前已经看过指导：经常洗手。打喷嚏时要掩住口鼻。当您生病时，请待在家里并多喝水。

　　The CDC recommends washing with soap and water for at least 20 secondsafter using the bathroom, before eating and after blowing your nose orsneezing. It also advises not to touch your eyes, nose and mouth and to cleanobjects and surfaces you touch often — a common household cleaner will suffice.

　　CDC建议在饭前便后以及擤鼻涕或打喷嚏后用肥皂和水清洗至少20秒钟。它还建议不要触摸眼睛，鼻子和嘴巴，并清洁经常触摸的物体和表面-普通的家用清洁剂就足够了。

　　“These are all things you can do to prevent the spread of pretty much any respiratory virus,” Brewer said.

　　And for the record,he added, he stayed home sick last week.

　　“I practiced what I preached,” Brewer said.

　　布鲁尔说：“您可以采取所有这些措施来防止几乎任何呼吸道病毒的传播。”

　　他补充说，上周他病假在家。

　　布鲁尔说：“我按我说的去做了。”

　　Keep the shopping cart light

　　不用大量购物

　　You probably don’t need to buy anything new, but if you’re already on your way to the drug store, Brewer has some advice.

　　您可能不需要购买任何新东西，但是如果您已经在去药店的路上，布鲁尔提供了一些建议。

　　“Don’t go crazy,” he said. “You don’t need to go out and stock up on lots of things.”

　　他说：“不要疯狂购物。” “您不需要外出买很多东西囤积。”

　　And those surgical masks? If you’re not sick, you don’t need to wear them — and you certainly don’t need to buy every box your local pharmacy has in stock.

　　至于一次性外科口罩， 如果您没有生病，则无需戴。当然，也不必把本地药房有库存买空。

　　“The main point of the mask is to keep someone who is infected with the virus from spreading it to others,” Brewer said.

　　布鲁尔说：``口罩的主要目的是防止感染了病毒的人传播给他人。''

　　The CDC agrees, writing on its website: “CDC does not recommend that people who are well wear a face mask to protect themselves from respiratory diseases.”

　　疾病预防控制中心在其网站上写道：“疾病预防控制中心不建议健康的人戴上口罩以保护自己免受呼吸系统疾病的侵害。”

　　Common surgical masks block the droplets coming out of a sick person from getting into the air, but they are not tight enough to prevent what’s already in the air from getting in.

　　普通的外科口罩可以阻止病人的飞沫进入空气中，但是它们不够紧，无法阻止空气中的气雾进入。

　　There are specialized masks — known as N95 masks because they filter out 95 percent of airborne particles — that are more effective, and some online retailers are sold out of them. But there’s a problem: The masks are difficult to use without training. They must be fitted and tested to work properly.

　　有专门的口罩（称为N95口罩，因为它们可以过滤掉95％的空气中的颗粒），效果更好，有些在线零售商售罄。但是有一个问题：口罩在未经培训的情况下很难使用。它们必须配戴并经过测试才能正常工作。

　　“If you just buy them at CVS, you’re not going to do all that,” Brewer said. “You’re not going to get it fit-tested, and you’re not going to be wearing it properly, so all you’ve done is spend a lot of money on a very fancy face mask.”

　　布鲁尔说：“如果只是在CVS上购买它们，就不会做所有这些事情。” “您不会进行合适的测试，也不会正确佩戴它，因此，您所做的就是花很多钱买一个非常漂亮的口罩。”

　　The same goes for exam gloves, Brewer said, which can get contaminated just like our hands. There’s no need for them if you’re washing your hands properly and often, he said.

　　布鲁尔说，乳胶一次性手套也是如此，它就像我们的手一样会被污染。他说，如果您经常正确地洗手，就不需要它们了。

　　If you’re itching to buy something, you can stick to the typical respiratory-virus medicine: decongestants, anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen for fevers.

　　如果您实在想买点东西，可以买典型的呼吸道病毒药物：减充血药，抗炎药和退烧药。

　　‘Practice makes permanent’

　　习惯成自然

　　Popescu has had a bag packed since she was in graduate school — if she didn’t have one, she said, she would feel like a bad public-health-emergency advocate. She explained that one of the best things you can do to prepare for any emergency, including a coronavirus outbreak, is put together an emergency kit.

　　波佩斯库自从读研究生以来就带着应急包。她说，如果没有的话，她会觉得自己是一个糟糕的公共卫生应急倡导者。她解释说，为应对任何紧急情况（包括冠状病毒爆发），您可以做的最好的事情之一是准备应急包。

　　Hers contains a first-aid kit, flashlights, a space blanket, an external battery for her cellphone, a change of clothes and extra food for her dog. The CDC has a useful checklist for families.

　　她的应急包里有急救包，手电筒，太空毯，手机外接电池，换洗衣服和狗食。CDC有一个有用的家庭清单。

　　It’s also important to have plans in place in case the outbreak disrupts your daily routines, Popescu said. You should be asking yourself: What if schools close for a week or two? What if there are issues with public transportation? What if I have to work from home or stay at work late?

　　You should have a plan for child care, for getting to work and for feeding pets, she said.

　　波佩斯库说，制定计划也很重要，以防疫情爆发影响您的日常工作。您应该问自己：如果学校停课一两个星期怎么办？如果公共交通出现问题怎么办？如果我必须在家工作或加班工作怎么办？

　　她说，你应该有一个托儿，工作和喂养宠物的应急计划。

　　“A lot of preparedness is planning ahead of time,” Popescu said. “Practice makes permanent. If I have a plan, that means I don’t have to panic.”

　　波佩斯库说：“很多准备工作要提前进行。” 习惯成自然。如果我有计划，那就意味着我不必惊慌。”

　　And it’s good advice in general, she added, not just in the age of coronavirus.

　　她补充说，这是一个很好的建议，不仅在冠状病毒时代。

　　“This is a good reminder to go through your resources and your plans so that, should it get more serious, you are not taken off guard,” she said. “People think they need to go out and buy stuff, but so much of it is just having a plan.”

　　她说：“这是一个很好的提醒，要仔细检查您的资源和计划，以便在情况变得更严重时，您不会措手不及。” “人们认为他们需要出去买东西，但（为疫情做准备）大部分只是做一个计划。”

　　Be mindful of where you are

　　时刻注意自己身在何处

　　Health officials have stressed keeping your distance from people who are sick, especially when it comes to respiratory viruses.

　　卫生官员强调要与病人保持距离，尤其是在呼吸道病毒方面。

　　And because there is no medical solution for the coronavirus, preventive steps and awareness are really the best tools at your disposal, said Stanley Perlman, an infectious-disease expert at the University of Iowa.

　　爱荷华大学的传染病专家斯坦利·珀尔曼说，由于没有针对冠状病毒的医学解决方案，因此预防步骤和认识确实是最好的工具。

　　It is worth considering limiting exposure to large groups, especially during flu season.“Any congregation of people is a setup for spreading an infectious agent,” he said.

　　值得考虑限制接触大型人群，尤其是在流感季节。他说：“任何人的聚集都是传播传染媒介的条件。”

　　Most of us like to look at our smart phones and wear headphones, but in confined spaces, such as mass transit, it’s important to look around and see what’s going on, see where everyone’s hands are going and make a mental note to wash up later.

　　我们大多数人都喜欢看智能手机和戴耳机，但是在狭窄的空间（例如公交）中，重要的是要环顾四周，看看发生了什么，看看每个人的手在哪里，并记下以后要洗手。

　　“We remember hand-washing at home but not when we get off a subway or leave the grocery store,” Popescu said. She also recommends avoiding the middle of a packed train car and doing your best to turn away if someone is coughing nearby.

　　“我们记得在家里洗手，但是当我们下地铁或离开杂货店时就不记得了，”波佩斯库说。她还建议避免挤在火车车厢中间，如果有人在附近咳嗽，请尽力避开。

　　But awareness cuts both ways. While the United States is likely to have more coronavirus cases, she said, it is important not to panic. “Just because someone has the sniffles or has a cough, it doesn’t mean they have the coronavirus,” she said. “There are a lot of respiratory viruses.”

　　但是，认识是双向的。她说，尽管美国可能有更多的冠状病毒病例，但不要惊慌。她说：“仅仅因为有人闻鼻涕或咳嗽，并不意味着他们患有冠状病毒。” “有很多呼吸道病毒。”

　　Watch what you read

　　注意自己的信息来源

　　While the sr is spreading rapidly, so is misinformation about it. Popescu and other experts call this an “infodemic,” and it can be as harmful as any disease.

　　当病毒迅速传播时，关于它的错误信息也在传播。波佩斯库和其他专家称这为“信息病毒”，它可能与任何疾病一样有害。

　　Hoaxes, lies and junk science about the coronavirus have swirled online since the earliest cases were reported, mostly through social media.

　　自从最早的病例被报道以来，有关冠状病毒的恶作剧，谎言和垃圾科学已经在网上流传开来，主要是通过社交媒体。

　　“People are more click-susceptible during these events because there’s more info and people aren’t sure who to trust,” University of Washington researcher Jevin West told The Post this month.

　　华盛顿大学研究员杰文·韦斯特（Jevin West）本月告诉《华盛顿邮报》：“在这些活动中，人们更容易受到点击的影响，因为有更多的信息，人们不确定要信任谁。”

　　Look to trust worthy sources, such as the CDC, the World Health Organization and local health departments, to stay informed, Popescu said — not the anonymous user doling out advice in Twitter mentions.

　　波佩斯库说，希望美国疾控中心，世界卫生组织和当地卫生部门等可信赖的消息来源保持最新状态，而不是在Twitter中提及匿名用户。

　　Avoid drastic financial decisions

　　避免冲动的财务决策

　　The frenzy over what the virus could mean for the global economy caused the worst weekly loss for stocks since the 2008 financial crisis. While some families might be concerned about money tied up in the market, making drastic decisions is unnecessary, according to Xi Chen, assistant professor of public and global health and economics at the Yale School of Public Health.

　　疫情引起全球经济自2008年金融危机以来股票的每周最大跌幅。耶鲁大学公共卫生学院公共及全球卫生与经济学助理教授习晨表示，虽然有些家庭可能担心资金在股市上套牢，但没有必要做出冲动的决定。

　　“The key thing is how long [the stock plunge] can last,” he said. “If it’s short term, it might not affect the supply chain.”

　　他说：“关键是[股票暴跌]能持续多长时间。” “如果是短期的，则可能不会影响供应链。”

　　Chen pointed to severe acute respiratory syndrome, better known as SARS, which affected 24 countries in Asia, Europe and North and South America in the early 2000s, as a time when the market suffered for about a quarter before recovering with very strong growth.

　　陈指出，严重的急性呼吸道综合症（又称SARS）在2000年代初影响了亚洲，欧洲以及北美洲和南美洲的24个国家，当时市场遭受了大约四分之一的苦难，然后以非常强劲的增长恢复。

　　Don’t forget the flu shot

　　不要忘记注射流感疫苗

　　The coronavirus includes flu like symptoms, such as fever, cough and shortness of breath, according to the CDC. Getting a flu shot could easepeople’s concerns about the new virus and also help health professionals, said Albert Ko, department chair and professor of epidemiology and medicine at the Yale School of Public Health.

　　美国疾控中心称，冠状病毒包括流感样症状，例如发烧，咳嗽和呼吸急促。耶鲁大学公共卫生学院流行病学和医学系系主任，教授艾伯特·科（Albert Ko）说，接种流感疫苗可以缓解人们对这种新病毒的担忧，并有助于卫生专业人员。

　　“The best thing people can do is get immunized for influenza to free up services for people who come in with coronavirus,” he said, noting that initial signs of illness for flu and coronavirus closely mirror each other. “When we’re testing people [for coronavirus], it reduces the noise about who has it.”

　　他说：“人们可以做的最好的事情就是接种流感疫苗，为患有冠状病毒的人免费提供服务。”他指出，流感和冠状病毒的最初发病迹象彼此非常相似。“当我们测试人们[冠状病毒]时，它减少了有关谁感染它的噪音。”

　　Be kind

　　友善

　　On college campuses, at a music conservatory, in Chinese restaurants, among the ranks of a famous dance troupe and on streets every day, Asians have reported a rise in aggression, micro and macro.

　　在大学校园，音乐学院，中餐馆，著名舞蹈团中的人们以及每天在大街上的亚洲人，都有报告说，针对亚裔的侵犯，微观和宏观的都有所上升。

　　As the coronavirus has spread, so has anti-Asian prejudice.

　　随着冠状病毒的传播，反亚裔的偏见也传播了。

　　The WHO has urged government agencies to do what they can to prevent discrimination against specific populations, since stigmatization can fuel the spread of the outbreak by driving marginalized individuals to hide infection and avoid seeking treatment.

　　世卫组织已敦促政府机构尽一切努力防止对特定人群的歧视，因为污名化可能通过驱使边缘化的人隐瞒病情并避免寻求治疗来助长疫情的蔓延。

　　“Remember to not let fear override your common humanity about how you treat other people,” Brewer said. “Just remember we’re all in this together. This is a virus. It does not think. It is not planning. We shouldn’t be blaming our neighbors or our fellow colleagues or people in the community because a virus happens to exist and is spreading.”

　　布鲁尔说：“请记住，不要让恐惧凌驾于您对待他人的普通人性上” “请记住，我们共同面对疫情。这是一种病毒。它没有思维。它没有计划。我们不应该因为病毒存在并且正在传播责怪我们的邻居，同事或社区中的人们。”